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宾语从句中引导词用法
在复合句中做主句的宾语，引导词有：
连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if;
代词：who, whose, what ,which;
副词：when ,where, how, why 等。
(1)连词引导的宾语从句
He told me (that he would) go to the college the next year 他告诉我他明年上大学。
I don’t know if there will be a bus any more. 我不知道是否还会有公交车。
Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. 没有人知道他是否会通过考试。
①that引导
(在非正式场合that可以省略)
★可跟that引导的从句做宾语的动词有：say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。
如：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets.
★宾语从句的否定转移
当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时,从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。
I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that.
I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim ,is he?
I expect our English teacher will be back this weekend, won't she/he?
We suppose you have finished the project, haven't you?
如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词(不包含带有否定前缀的词，如：unhappy，unfair，dislike等),其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。
We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully, does he?
我们发现他从不仔细听老师讲课，是不是?
★当主句的主语是第二、三人称时，其反义疑问句一般与主句保持一致。
Your sister supposes she needs no help, doesn't she?
You thought they could have completed the project, didn't you?
They don't believe she's an engineer, do they?
She doesn't expect that we are coming so soon, does she?
★在以下情况中that不能省略
a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。
I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get better.
b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。
Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap.
c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。
I can’t tell him that his mother died.
d.当it作形式宾语时
例句：She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him.
许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。
e.当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe.
f.当that作learn, suggest ,explain ,agree ,wonder ,prove ,mean, state ,feel ,hold等动词的宾语时。
②由whether,if引导
当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用if或whether引导，意为“是否”。
如：I don't know if /whether he still lives here after so many years.我不知道这么多年后他是否还住在这儿。
但在下列情况下只能用whether，不能用if：
a.在具有选择意义，又有or或or not时，尤其是直接与or not连用时，往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。
如：Let me know whether /if he will come or not.
(=Let me know whether or not he will come)让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether /if he does any washing or not.
(=I don't know whether or not he does any washing.)我不知道他洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether wego.我不知道我们是去还是留。
b.在介词之后用whether。
如：I'm interested in whether he likes English.我关心的是他是否喜欢英语。
We're thinking about whether we can finish the work on time.我们正在考虑是否能按时完成这项工作。
c.在不定式前用whether。
如：He hasn't decided whether to visit the old man.他尚未决定是否拜访那位老人。
He hasn't decided whether to go by bus or by train.他还未决定是乘公共汽车去还是坐火车去。
d.whether置于句首时，不能换用if。
如：Whether this is true or not，I can't say.这是否是真的我说不上来。
e.引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用whether。
如：Whether she will come or not is still a question.她是否能来还是个问题。
f.若用if会引起歧义时，则用whether。
如：Please let me know if you like the book.
可理解为：If you like the book，please let me know.你如果喜欢这本书，请告诉我。
③只能用if不能用whether引导
a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果”
The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny.
b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时
He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday.
c.引导状语从句even if(即使)和as if(好像)时
He talks as if he has known all about it.
(2)连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句
这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。
①连接代词
Who ,whom ,whose ,which ,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。连接代词一般指疑问,但what, whatever除了指疑问外,也可以指陈述.
Do you know who has won Red Alert game?
你知道是谁赢得了红色警报的游戏么?
The book will show you what the best CEOs should know.
这本书会告诉你最好的执行总裁该了解什么.
②连接副词
When ,where ,why ,how，在句中担任状语的成分。
He didn’t tell me when we should meet again. 他没有告诉我什么时候我们能再见面。
Could you please tell me how you use the new panel?
你能告诉我怎么用这个新的操作盘吗?
None of us knows where these new parts can be bought.
没有人知道这些的新的零件能在哪里买到。
宾语从句的语序
宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。
I don’t know what they are looking for.
Could you tell me when the train will leave?
宾语从句的时态
(1)时态：主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。
例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well.
(2)主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。
例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time.
(3)当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。
例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound.
★注意：运用虚拟语气的情况在表示“建议 suggest 、advise、propose; 要求demand 、desire、request;决定 decide; 命令 order、command、require; 坚决主张 insist”等动词后跟宾语从句，用(should)+v.(虚拟语气)
如：I suggested that you(should)study hard.
He ordered that we should go out at once.
虚拟语气用在宾语从句中：动词 wish, suggest ,order ,insist , propose,等词后面的宾语从句表示的是一种虚拟语气，宾语从句中的动词动作表示的只是一种愿望、要求。
如：I wish she would be on my side. 我希望她能站在我一边。
I wish I could help him. 我希望我能帮助他。
He insisted that all of us should be there on time by any means. 他坚持要我们大家想尽办法按时去那儿。
动词 demand, suggest, order, insist, propose 后面的从句中，"should" 可以省略。
如：The teacher suggested that we (should) clean the blackboard after class. 老师建议我们课后把黑板擦了。
He ordered that the students wash the clothes every week by themselves. 他要求学生每周都要自己洗衣服。
简化宾语从句的方法
把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同(或相近)的试题。下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：
(1)当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：
Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon.
→Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.
We decided that we would help him.
→We decided to help him.
(2)当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。
例如：
She has forgotten how she can open the window.
→She has forgotten how to open the window.
注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：
Could you tell me how I can get to the station?
→Could you tell me how to get to the station?
(3)当主句的谓语动词是order(命令)，require(需要)等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词(代词)+不定式”结构。例如：
The headmaster ordered that we should start at once.
→The headmaster ordered us to start at once.
(4)某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其他形式简化。例如：
He insisted that he should go with us.
→He insisted on going with us.
The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born.
→The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth.
(5)某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式(作宾语补足语)”结构。例如：
Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground.
→ Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.
(6)动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式(短语)来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：
It seemed that the boys were going to win.
→The boys seemed to win.
除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。
例如：
I found that it was difficult to learn English well.
→I found it difficult to learn English well.
Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.
→Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow.
They found that the box was very heavy.
→They found the box very heavy.
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